crime control Essay Example Essay Example

crime control Essay Example Paper crime control Essay Introduction Garland, D. 2001. The culture of control. Oxford: Clarendon. The culture of control of David Garland describes the huge changes and developments of criminal Justice and crime control system since the 1970s, as well as the changes of attitude and responses to crime of societies’ both in the United Kingdom and the USA. The main aim of this book is to explain and observe how come that crime control happened to be so unpredictable, and how those two societies’ path of historical development of crime control appeared to be practically the contrary of that which was expected. And more importantly this book is focused on how these historical changes in such different fields as sociology, economy and politics have had such a noticeable effect on the developing structures of crime control and public order in the UK and the USA. Accordingly, one of the Garland’s arguments in this book is that any major transformations in social grounds lead to the correlative alterations i n the structure of crime control (p. 7). In doing so, Garland put an effort to integrate changes in different fields in order to explain what the structure of the modern Justice system is and changes it is shaped by. crime control Essay Body Paragraphs This book includes eight chapters each of which to contemplate Justice system and crime control. The starting point in answering the questions mentioned above is comparison old and modern crime control and criminal Justice systems in the UK and the USA, which was made in the first chapter. Furthermore, to make this kind of evaluation, in Garland’s view, it is crucial to evaluate changes in historical: when the discontinuity started, penalogical: change in the way of discerning and acting on crime, sharp shift of the hierarchy of criminal Justice system’s organisations, and inally sociological background of both British and American societies. In addition, list of the most important streams of change, such as the reappearance of corrective sanctions as a result of public outcry and anger, that consequently has led to invocation of people’s opinion in support of new laws and penal policies, which, in turn, resulted in ‘politicization and the new populism†™, occurring over the past three decades were explored and broadly explained. In another David Garland’s criminological book named ‘Punishment and Modern Society (1990) the system of prisons was broadly discussed and critically analysed. In this book Garland criticised the prison to fail correctionalist objectives, and, according to him, the rates of imprisonment declined, while monetary penalties increased harshly (Garland, 1990, p. 149). However, in ‘The culture of Control’ Garland found this rates to went up and the reinvention of the prison was listed to be one of the major changes taken place in last 30 years both in the I-JK and the USA. It was explained by huge changes of criminological ideas, which used to regard crime as a result of relative deprivation, therefore, according to this theory, person becomes delinquent because of the poor ducation or social injustice, whereas since 1970 control theories, the base of which is assumed to be perfectibi lity of human-being, were widely adopted, and social control, self-control became dominant subjects of the modern criminal Justice in making policies (p. As a resul t, there were developed innovative criminological and corrective viewpoints, whose the main purpose was to control the occurrence of crime through techniques of social control. While discussing the limitations of the penal-welfare state, Garland mentioned this theory to be emphasized on crime revention, safety of the nation and upholding the order in society by legislators and the public itself. The next few chapters move on to the discussion of how these radical changes in the total crime control arena were formed not only by forces which have influenced the criminal Justice system directly, but also by broader social, economic, and political changes that took place in the United States and Great Britain and were described by huge growth in both of these countries. The author attributes much of this change to industrial and technical progresses uch as mass media, also a growing structure of social and commercial stratification, environmental changes, as well as the transformations in the construction of relationships within family. Furthermore, it was argued that changes which occurred were the result of the numerous national and global calamities that have been plunged. All the social and political transformations mentioned above apparently contributed to the expansion of conflicting political and cultural opinions that reproduced following variations to the structure of social control. In sum, the first our chapters of the book provide a full clarification of the procedures that ended up with the development of a new crime control strategy for the USA and the I-JK. While the next two sections provide an explanation on how politicians and legislators, administrative agencies and criminal Justice specialists replied to difficulties that rose from growing crime rates, as well as the in ability of t he contemporary Justice system to meet the public’s requests of crime control. According to this view, approval given by public and government is the base for the comparative success of ny crime control. In these chapters the author sought to create a straight connection between the whole mechanisms of the criminal Justice system and the objectives of other organisations. Publics and legislators are viewed to exert an unlimited deal of effect over present social control strategies. This book implies that criminal Justice organizations reply to the requirements of those to whom they are obliged by adjusting their public control responses. The most important conclusion that is considered to be made by Garland in two final chapters is that official social control esponses of criminal Justice institutions are reliant on a certain extent of mutuality with other organizations of informal social control, what consequently leads criminal justice system to be dependent on politicians and legislators who pass and control the law. Also the concluding part of the book contains a brief discussion of the future. In this regard, Garland anticipates times of economic improvements for states and the federal government, as well as as the noticeable decrease of rates of unemployment and gradually declining criminality rates at the first half of the twenty-first century. However, he also predicts that our society is holding the direction towards even more retributory measures, which was described as distinctive feature of the current structure of crime control, and that this track could require extra financial outlay, especially its’ cost is expected to be most tangible in the long-run future. Hence, he questions the effectiveness of our existing system of social control in tavour ot the penal-weltare structure ot the twentieth century, whose advantages and positive impacts were clearly discussed in ‘Managing Modernity written by Matt Matravers. Where he point s out advantages of penal-welfarism as hilosophy of criminal Justice sysem, which supports the point of view that criminals should own the right and the optimistic incentive to achieve chances for improvement in the criminal Justice system (Matavers, 2005, p. ) To draw a conclusion, the book provides an outstanding and broad contrast between crime control system of the past, which was ruled by the penal-welfare ideal, and the recent one, which is considered to be more flexible punitive scheme of social control that developed in the last three decades. This book not only describes the procedures and internal processes of the contemporary crime control system in nusual way and details , paying attention to criminal Justice structure reactions and adaptations to present delinquency control problems, but also it tries to predict the effects of the modern criminological theory and consequences it could lead to in the future. The progression of the contemporary crime control in the UK and he USA was explored and observed from variety angles that this is difficult for me to think of uncovered aspects of this field. And this, according to my mind, resulted in unclear organization of the book. That is, it is often difficult to identify how details of each hapter related to the main argument of the author and consequently, this makes the reader look through the previous pages in order to understand the link and not get confused . Despite the fact that Garland’s writing style of The Culture of Control was thorough; the feeling of poor relatedness accompanied me throughout the reading. The high extent of intersection of huge amount of materials could be found to be too complicated to comprehend the aim of each chapter for non-professional in the field of criminal Justice philosophy and crime control literature. Another disenchantment f the book is that it did not provide broad comparison of the development of criminal Justice system between the states of America an d Great Britain, which was expected, according to the plan of Garland, to include a range of similarities as well as the differences. There was not clear and systematic contrast on British and American crime controls, that is, some parts of the book have more emphasis on British system, while the others on United States’ one. Nevertheless, the book delivers a detailed explanation of the forces that have Joint together and contributed to the development of todays crime control system. This book would undeniably be valuable and informative source for expansion the familiarity with sophisticated processes that have developed our social control. Therefore, university students or readers interested or involved into criminological field are expected to advantage from David Garland’s investigation of crime and the noticeable shifting of our modern societys reactions to it. References: Garland, D. 1990. Punishment and modern society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Garla nd, D 2001. The culture ot control. Oxtord: Clarendon. Matravers, M. 2005. Managing modernity. London: Routledge. We will write a custom essay sample on crime control Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on crime control Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on crime control Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Case Study Make Green Delicious Essay Example

Case Study Make Green Delicious Essay Example Case Study Make Green Delicious Essay Case Study Make Green Delicious Essay - A. - Introduction/Statement of the Problem: As the executive director of the National Hockey League Players’ Association (NHLPA), Bob Goodenow is faced with the issue of developing a communications strategy for the NHLPA. It must establish a strong bargaining stance for the players that effectively communicate their position on the salary cap issue, while also retain the loyalty of hockey fans. B. - Analysis: The current Collective Bargaining Agreement includes a limited salary cap and entry-level salary cap, and expires September 15th, 2004. It is no longer successful at controlling rapid growth in player salaries and forming a direct link between salary growth and league revenues. The Unified Report of Operations claims that the majority of NHL teams have lost money in recent years. Owners believe that there are â€Å"major deficiencies in the current contract that has led to significant financial losses and a competitive imbalance. Smaller teams can’t compete with larger teams; therefore the league can’t be competitive. There is a transition from a local market to a league-wide market, so players’ salaries are escalating to levels that are unsustainable. Entry-level salary caps are ineffective due to signing bonuses. The NHL revenue growth equals 173%, while the players’ salary growth equals 261% over the term of the CBA. The players’ salaries account for 75% of NHL revenues, which is much higher than other sports. Owners believe a mechanism is needed to control player salaries and tie them to revenues. Players question the validity of the financial information, URO, and Levitt Report. Players argue against the proposed solutions and say free market forces should determine players’ salaries. There is no validity in the owners’ financial statements, which may support that the lack of revenues is due to poor business decisions, not high player salaries. C. - Alternatives: A) Strategy that focuses on the players’ current stance on the salary cap, using free market forces, questionable financial validity, and poor business decisions as their platforms for gaining the media and the fans support. B) Strategy that emphasizes on the lack of financial transparency of the NHL and its owners that has led a delayed agreement. C) Continue with the current communications strategy. D. - Recommendation: Bob is recommended to choose alternative A and pursue a communications strategy, which emphasizes the NHL players’ current position on the proposed salary cap. E. - Implementation Plan: Bob should begin by clearly establishing the players’ values and goals in regards to the negotiation and how he intends on communicating them to reach the fans. This would involve taking the players’ stance on the salary cap and communicating it consistently through the NHLPA’s website, players’ personal social media, radio interviews, etc. It would include reasoning to support the players’ position, such as the lack of transparency and validity in financial information presented by the NHL owners, as well as the importance of free markets in the determination of salaries. By using the players as a source of free media and publicity, the NHLPA can emphasize their position and sympathize with the fans and their common love for the game. Here, the players can explain that a salary cap would essentially be equal to a salary cut for players. This is something that nobody would agree with if it came to their own job, whether they are rich or poor. By effectively communicating the players’ stance on the proposed salary cap to the fans and public, the NHLPA can gain a favourable bargaining position over the NHL owners for the upcoming negotiations in September 2004. It will also help retain fan loyalty to the NHL and its organizations, which is a common interest for both parties.

The Authenticity of Ones Identity Created by the Passport Term Paper

The Authenticity of Ones Identity Created by the Passport - Term Paper Example As Hall maintains, "perhaps instead of thinking of identity as an already accomplished fact, which the new cultural practices they represent, we should think, instead, of identity as a 'production', which is never complete, always in process, and always constituted within, not outside, representation." (Hall, p. 222). In a close analysis if Hall's view, it becomes clear that the very authority and authenticity to which the term 'cultural identity' lays claim are challenged here and it opens up a dialogue or an investigation on the topic of cultural identity and representation. A reflective analysis of Diaspora in relation to identity, particularly investigating whether an individual's passport defines who he is, makes it obvious that, with so many culturally diverse people and people born and living outside their native countries, a document stating one's name, date of birth, sex and place of birth simply cannot define the person. Â  In order to comprehend the relationship between Diaspora and identity, it is fundamental to have a critical, reflective, and unambiguous application of the term 'diaspora' as against the uncritical, unreflective application of the term to any and all contexts of global displacement and movement. When thinking through the category of diaspora and its connection to geopolitical entities such as nation-state, it becomes fundamental to consider the important role of nation formation and construction in the modern world. "Mass migration movements, the multiple waves of political refugees seeking asylum in other countries, the reconfiguration of nation-states demand that the concept of nationhood take account of the specific geopolitical circumstances that precipitate the movement of people and communities in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries." (Braziel and Mannur, 2003, p. 3). While cultural and literary critics have been increasingly concerned with how to rethink co ncepts of nationhood and national identity, it is essential that such critical analyses incorporate contemporary forms of movement, displacement, and dislocation - from travel to exile. Indeed, these questions are inextricably linked to a theorization of Diaspora. In a critical analysis of contemporary forms of movement, displacement, and dislocation from travel to exile, in relation to Diaspora and identity, the role of passport in order to define one's identity comes into question. Thus, it is fundamental to analyze whether our passports can define who we are because such critical investigations can reveal different aspects of Diaspora in relation to identity. In the context of the modern world with numerous culturally diverse people and people born and living outside their native countries, the passport which is a document stating one's name, date of birth, sex and place of birth, simply cannot define a person or his cultural identity. Â  In the modern world of globalization, one's identity is mainly determined by one's passport, which is a document stating one's name, date of birth, sex and place of birth, and the authenticity of such a document in defining one's identity in relation to Diaspora is generally questioned.